Spain in Our Hearts: Americans in the Spanish Civil War, 1936-1939
Adam Hochschild
Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt, 464 pages, 2016
This review first appeared on www.nepca.wordpress.com
Humankind is often blind to irony, but history is not. I was
just pages from finishing Adam Hochschild's searing look at the Spanish Civil
War when I came upon his comment that there was but a single living survivor of
the Lincoln Brigade–those 2,800 Americans who went to Spain to try to preserve
the Spanish Republic. It was no small feat to be a survivor—better than a third
of those idealistic black and white young men (and a handful of women) died in
the conflict, a higher casualty rate than any other group. The very morning
(March 6) I read Hochschild's line, the Boston
Globe ran the obituary of that last survivor, 100-year-old Delmer Berg.
We owe Mr. Hochschild a debt for making sure that we don't
forget the causes and motives that animated individuals such as Mr. Berg, one
the many for whom the Spanish conflict the "the defining experience of
their lives." (1%) Hochschild is too learned to add his voice to the
legions that romanticize the Lincolns. Berg, like the book's Aristotelian
tragic hero Bob Merriman, was a devoted communist. Hochschild does a superb job
of explaining why individuals like Merriman, the dashing UCal economics
professor who commanded the Lincoln Brigade, were drawn to the communist
Popular Front. Call it a combination of realism and idealism. In the midst of
the Great Depression it wasn't hard to imagine that capitalism had failed or
that Soviet-style communism–less than two decades old–might be a better form of
society. Berg and Merriman heroically cast their lot with comrades in the
Spanish Republic, but their erstwhile patrons in Moscow proved unworthy of
their affection. Although Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union was the only nation to
sell weapons to the Spanish Republic, it sent them junk, exacted a high toll,
and–like the proverbial fair-weather friend–was never there when most needed.
Moreover, his agents in Spain were often more concerned with ferreting out
Trotskyites than Nationalists. Nor did they shy from using foreign volunteers
as cannon fodder; Bob Merriman died on precisely such a fool's errand. In 1949,
six authors wrote the epitaph of communism and called it The God that Failed; tellingly, five of them were reporters during
the Spanish Civil War.
Hochschild's unique twist to the story is to devote much of
his attention to the reporters who covered the war, including such luminaries
as Jay Allen, Herbert Matthews, Ernest Hemingway, George Steer, George Orwell,
Martha Gellhorn, Frances Davis, Virginia Cowles, and future communist apostates
Louis Fischer, André Gide, and Arthur Koestler. There are juicy tidbits, such
as the way Cowles and Gellhorn used prevailing sexism to their advantage, how
some editors kowtowed to pressure from the Catholic Church to whitewash
Franco's crimes, how a handful such as Herbert Knickerbocker became
propagandists for the Nationalists, and details suggesting that Hemingway was
precisely the pompous, arrogant egoists his detractors claimed. Mostly, though,
Hochschild views the journalists in a positive light. If you want to get a
grasp on Franco's barbarism, read Jay Allen's dispatches on the massacre of
Badajoz; if you want to understand Picasso's Guernica, read George Steer's account of its destruction.
There is a lot of heroism in Hochschild's account, but also
villains galore. If communism was a failed god, one wonders what that makes
Pope Pius XI, who worshiped at a fascist altar. If there is a hell, Texaco chief
Torkild Rieber is suffering from its fires—he provided practically free oil for
Hitler's Luftwaffe, which honed its skills in Spain. Indeed, one could imagine
a host of American policymakers sweltering from the glow of Rieber's flames—the
isolationists and non-interventionists who placed anti-communist zealotry
and/or insistence upon neutrality above world security. (Franklin Roosevelt
bears some blame as well.) Moreover, as unworthy as communism proved to be,
fascism was far worse. Scale is the only thing that prevents Franco from rising
to the top tier of 20th century monsters.
Hochschild is a gifted writer whose time as a writer-in-residence
at the University of Massachusetts Amherst made me yearn for this book before
it was anywhere near completion. His writing is refreshing because he rekindles
a skill sadly lacking in a lot of historical writing: the ability to tell a
good story. A tale well told informs readers far more than reams of leaden
prose, arcane analyses, and esoterica. Nor does Hochschild hide behind
academia's often-faux objectivity. Although he acknowledges that communism was
a false god, he admits he might have embraced that faith back then. He
ultimately agrees with journalist Herbert Matthews, whose reporting on Spain
was urgent and openly pro-Republic partisan. Matthews (and Hochschild) viewed
the Spanish Civil War as a moral test for those who reflexively dismiss
questions of whether there are times in which proactive interventionism is
necessary. Hochschild has written a backdoor "what if?" history.
Western democracies dithered, but Hitler and Mussolini did not; they supplied
Franco with pilots, soldiers, and state-of-the-art military materiel. What if,
Hochschild speculates, they had been stopped in the Basque country hillsides?
All counterfactual history is suspect, Hochschild's included, but one must
ponder whether it's better to worship false gods or submit to real demons.--Rob Weir
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