10/21/15

Blue-Collar Labor: Stop, Hey, What's That Sound?

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It stopped me in my tracks. What was that sound? Then it dawned: it was the sound of my youth. No, it wasn't some crystal-induced metaphysical past-life regression. I heard was the sound of work: of the blue-collar variety.

Remember this?
It happened on a day when I needed to be in my faculty office early, so I drove to work instead of taking the Five College bus. My parking spot is literally ¾ of a mile from my office, a journey I was happy to undertake on an unseasonably warm October morn. Bird songs greeted me as I left my car, but their chirps quickly gave way to the rat-a-tat-tat of rivet guns, the clang of hammers upon cold steel, the chug-chug of 'mud' (cement) being mixed, and the shrill commands, warnings, and "all clears" from construction workers shouting above the cacophony.

While it's not unusual to hear construction sounds on a college campus, I was taken aback by the realization that's about the only place I hear this sort of racket these days. Oh sure—earth gets moved, land gets scaped, buildings rise, and roads get patched (though the latter not so much any more), but the scale of what I witnessed is as rare in modern America as a kind Christian. The average road crew simply can't raise a big ruckus with a workforce that generally consists of a supervisor, an engineer, two traffic signalers, a cop asleep in a cruiser, and a handful of workers leaning on shovels waiting for the one person who operates all the heavy machinery to complete the job of the moment. On campus I saw a veritable army of workers: dozens upon dozens, sleeves rolled up, and attention turned to a common task.  Seriously—when was the last time you saw a hundred people working on a public project?

You'll get no romantic discursion into the nobility of toil from me. I'm not nostalgic for the days I worked on the factory floor, or the sticky summer days I baled hay on my grandfather's farm. The crews on campus were involved in hard, dirty labor—the kind that involves brawn, sinew, and muscle, not thinking, musing, and clicks upon a keyboard. But let's face it; the American economy needs more than retail workers, programmers, and professors.

What I miss are the days when things got built in America—the days before tax cutters, bean counters, and naysayers ran the Ship of State aground on the shoals of negativity. I yearn for the time when if something was broken, a crew went out and fixed it. The days when Americans said, "Can do," not, "It's too expensive," or, "It's an intractable problem."

If you're under 50, you probably don't recall when the United States bragged about its achievements and its productivity was the envy of the globe. You probably don't remember when we built new bridges instead of patching decaying ones with recycled steel and prayers. You didn't go to a school where the textbooks were replaced every two or three years and any town without a new school or one on the drawing board held its collective head in shame. You surely don't remember seeing "Made in the USA" stamped upon 90% of all that you owned, or hearing folks proudly call themselves members of the working class and labor unions. Those folks would have laughed at minimum wage Wal-Mart workers foolish enough to imagine themselves "middle class," or stupid enough to castigate unions.  

The rich would have you believe that blue-collar workers and labor unions bankrupted America. Nonsense! Bankers, grifters, and greedy investors stole America and fed the sheeple a rope of bologna they chewed and swallowed. The Devil's greatest trick was to get workers to blame themselves for paucity, poverty, and parsimony and to look upon robber barons as saviors. How's that working out?

I stopped in my tracks that fine October day because I heard the sound of prosperity and had forgotten its song. T'is a brash, strident, clamorous, clattering song, but it was sweeter than the warble of birds. As the songs of hope always are.

Rob Weir

10/19/15

Novel about Twain Speculates, but Perhaps Too Much


Twain's End  (2015)
Lynn Cullen
Threshold Books, 352 pages, #9781476758961
* * *

This novel has the virtues and drawbacks of all literary imaginings involving famous people. Cullen strikes the right tone concerning Samuel Clemens' lonely final years–ones marked by misanthropy, crankiness, and disappearance into his created Mark Twain persona. The danger, though, lies in putting words into the mouths of historical personages, only some of which we know they actually said. The danger doubles when speculating on relationships for which there is, at best, fragmentary evidence.

Cullen imagines a fatal attraction between Clemens and his personal secretary, Isabel Van Kleek Lyon, who worked for him from 1902 into 1909. Cullen's is a fictional embellishment of work done by Karen Lystra in Dangerous Intimacy (2004) and Laura Skander Trembley in Mark Twain's Other Woman (2010). Each suggested the relationship between Lyon and Clemens might have crossed the line between flirtation and consummation. Both Lystra and Trembley are scholars constrained by evidence, hence they could only suggest; as a novelist, Cullen goes further and presents Lyon as Clemens' crutch, muse, and lover in his dotage. (Or, more accurately, a semi lover as he was 68 when his wife Livy died in 1904, and a less-than-virile 70 when Cullen places him in the arms of the then 42-year-old Lyon.)   

Here's what we know from the historical record: that Lyon called Clemens/Twain "The King" and was deeply infatuated with him. Whether his outsized persona so dazzled her that she also desired him physically is another matter altogether. Rumors of an affair circulated as early as 1906, when Lyon accompanied Twain to Bermuda, and resurfaced a year later when she went to England when Twain received an honorary doctorate from Oxford. Whispers that he planned to wed Ms. Lyon embarrassed Twain and probably led to tension that drove Lyon into the arms of Twain's business associate Ralph Ashcroft, whom she married in 1909. Cullen conveniently ignores pretty credible evidence that Lyon and Ashcroft enjoyed carnal relations in Twain's Redding, Connecticut home. She also ignores something else we know: that Lyon struggled with alcoholism.

 Again, we are back to the problem of biography versus literary imagination. Perhaps Twain and Lyon did have a fling or two, but at present the evidence is lacking. Many scholars (including myself) doubt anything happened beyond Clemens' known fascination with youth, pretty women, and flatterers; and I sincerely doubt any romantic attachment occurred while Olivia Clemens lived. Cullen is more convincing stripping the sheen off the Mark Twain image. As she—and biographers such as Michael Shelden–show, Clemens, who died in 1910, was an embittered man for the last decade of his life. He had reasons: his favorite daughter Susy's early death, Livy's frailty and passing, the egoism and recklessness of daughter Clara, and daughter Jean's epilepsy. (Jean drowned in her bathtub in 1909.) To the degree Clemens was ever happy, it was whilst holding court as Twain–and he vigorously protected what we'd today call the Twain "brand." Lyon definitely played a major role in burnishing that brand; in addition to her secretarial duties, she effectively ran the Clemens household from 1902 onward, right down to paying servants' wages, doling out allowances to Clara and Jean, acting as hostess for scores of visitors, and overseeing renovations to both Clemens' home and her own cottage on the grounds.

In the novel, Lyon is the book's Jane Eyre-like heroine, Clemens/Twain a vain egomaniac, and his daughter Clara a mash between Machiavelli, the Wicked Witch of the West, and a libidinous seductress of a married man. Cullen's other villainess is housekeeper Katy Leary, Clara's co-conspirator. She is right about Clara, Twain's only surviving offspring but hardly a credit to her parents or herself. Clara is almost certainly the one who orchestrated Clemens' decision to fire Lyon in 1909—ostensibly for theft, slander, and misuse of family funds, though there is not a scrap of evidence to suggest any of this. She likely had a hand in her father's 400+ page screed against Lyon, which included the charge that she was a conniving "slut." Of that remark, the first part is more convincing than the second. Lyon may well have flattered the aged Clemens in order to keep her comfortable position. She and Ashcroft may also have schemed to get a portion of his anticipated estate. (Clemens didn't encourage loyalty with the parsimonious wages he doled out.)

 By now you are aware that I've delved more into history than to Cullen's novel. Call it another hazard when fictionalizing someone as famed as Twain. As a novelist, Cullen must try to take us places we haven't already been, but there are places in which she transgresses the border between history and histrionics. Twain's End is a good read, but an uneven one that's best when Cullen sticks closer to the record and turns down the romantic steam–some of Lyon's swooning for Clemens is particularly over the top.   

Cullen gets so much of the general ambience of Twain's final years correct that the book makes for fascinating reading in that regard. She takes needed revisionist sandpapering to Twain's heroic sheen. Overall, I give Twain's End a qualified recommendation. If you choose to read it, it's best to adhere a sticky note to the cover that reminds: "This is a fictional work loosely based upon historical figures." Cullen has done her research; much of what she writes is plausible. But there's just no getting around the real person problem: novelists can speculate; a scholar can conclude only what evidence allows. Read Twain's End because it's an entertaining, but never forget that Cullen has filled in historical blanks with imagined answers.
Rob Weir